From bike to electric bike level-of-service

The evaluation of electric bike (e-bike) riders’ perception comfort can lead to a better understanding user requirements. This be performed through Level-of-service (LOS) studies. To date, the e-bike LOS (ELOS) concept is scarcely developed and research concerning travel behaviour characteristics relatively sparse. In this paper, we use (BLOS) studies as foundation identify knowledge gap for ELOS. Along with BLOS, riding distinction between bikes e-bikes were scrutinised. Travel behaviour, modal substitution also reviewed provide picture Based on these domains, propose preliminary conceptual framework development results suggest that there limited number whether explicitly evaluate ELOS or consider in BLOS analysis. Also, extent cars, public transport, by range from partial complete replacement, thus potentially affecting developments. specification contributes deeper relation adaptation indices used other transport modes. Finally, it appears evident developments would require further interaction analysis shared mobility which vulnerable road users are present. findings study help researchers policy-makers assessing them development.